Q: Why is regional inequality higher in the UK than other European countries?

The UK has the highest regional inequality in Europe because of extreme centralisation in London. The UK is the most centralised large democracy in the world: central government controls 95% of tax revenue and 90% of spending decisions, compared to 60-70% in Germany, France, and Spain. This means investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated in London and the South East, while other regions depend on central government grants. Germany's federal system gives regions (Länder) tax-raising powers and spending autonomy, allowing them to invest in local priorities. The UK's centralised system funnels resources to London, where political and economic power is concentrated.

Q: What is 'levelling up' and has it worked?

Levelling up was the Conservative government's flagship policy (2019-2024) to reduce regional inequality by investing in infrastructure, skills, and local growth in left-behind areas. The Levelling Up Fund allocated £4.8 billion to local projects (2021-2024), but analysis by the Institute for Government found that London received £1.2 billion (25% of the total), more than any other region. The fund was also criticised for being competitive (forcing councils to bid against each other), short-term (one-off grants, not sustained investment), and politically biased (marginal constituencies received more funding than deprived areas). There is little evidence levelling up has reduced regional inequality.

Q: How does regional inequality affect life expectancy and health?

Regional inequality is a major driver of health inequality. Life expectancy in the most deprived areas (Blackpool, Glasgow, Manchester) is 7-10 years lower than in the most affluent areas (Westminster, Kensington, Surrey). This is due to poverty, unemployment, poor housing, air pollution, lack of green space, and underfunded public services. The Marmot Review (2020) found that life expectancy in the most deprived areas of England stalled or declined between 2010-2020, the first sustained decline since the 19th century. Regional inequality kills.

Naomi Clarke

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