The protein question
The single biggest lever on a food budget is usually protein. Chicken thighs cost a fraction of chicken breast and are more flavourful. Tinned and dried pulses — lentils, chickpeas, kidney beans, cannellini beans — provide complete nutrition at a fraction of the cost of meat protein. A 400g tin of chickpeas (typically 50-70p) provides around 15g of protein and is the foundation of dozens of good dishes.
Shopping smarter
Own-brand versions of most staples are typically cheaper and often produced by the same manufacturers as branded products. Market research consistently shows that in blind taste tests, people cannot reliably distinguish many supermarket own-brands from premium equivalents. Frozen fruit and vegetables are nutritionally equivalent to fresh (they are typically frozen within hours of harvest at peak ripeness) and significantly cheaper. Buying whole vegetables rather than prepared cuts typically saves 30-50%.
Batch cooking and meal prep
Cooking once and eating several times is the most efficient use of both time and money. Dried pulses (soaked and cooked in bulk) can be frozen in portions. A batch of grains (rice, quinoa, bulgur wheat) keeps in the fridge for four days and forms the base of multiple different meals. Soups, stews, curries and pasta sauces almost always taste better the next day and freeze well.
Reducing waste
The average UK household wastes approximately 6.5 million tonnes of food per year, worth around £500-£800 per family annually. The main levers: plan meals before you shop, buy only what you plan to use, understand the difference between "best before" (quality) and "use by" (safety) dates, and store food correctly (most vegetables last longer in the fridge, bread lasts longer in the freezer).